![]() ![]() The same mental content can exist across cultures but be differentially configured as emotion categories. For example, the experience of “sadness” is more akin to physical agony in Russian but the experience of loss in the USA ( Wierzbicka, 2009) anger involves psychological distance from others in the USA but increasing proximity and closeness in Japan ( Mesquita et al., 2006). Some emotion categories appear to be universal, but their content and relational themes vary across cultures. For example, “ligit” is the experience of intense, euphoric aggression that occurs during head hunting in the Ilongot tribe from the Philippines ( Rosaldo, 1980). ![]() ![]() Some emotion categories exist only in specific cultures. Variability exists across cultures, across individuals within the same culture, and within an individual across instances.Ĭultural variation in emotion categories takes various forms. Nowhere is this variability more apparent than in the experience and perception of emotion. This idiom captures one of the great truths about human existence: There is tremendous richness and diversity in the mental states that people experience within themselves and perceive in others. ![]()
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